Sections of audio are called Regions in Ardour.
To compose the short rhythmic passage we’ve been working on, we will need to know how to Select, Move, Split and Trim these Regions, as well as how to Fade In or Fade Out their volume and create Crossfades between them. Some of these options may need to happen at specific Edit Points in the composition, or according to the musical Meter we can define with the Timeline and the Grid as well.
Selecting Regions
The Select/Move Objects tool (shortcut “O”) is located just below the Transport Menu in the Editor Window (the little “hand” icon). You will use this tool a lot in your Ardour work.
When it is active, your mouse pointer will look like a little hand icon.
Try all of the operations below, for practice:
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Click on the Waveform of the region to select it. Click and drag on a region to move it around (left and right within the same track, but also up and down onto other tracks).
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Use “Control” + “Click” to create and drag around a copy of the region.
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You can select multiple regions by holding the “Shift” key while selecting.
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Move multiple regions at the same time after selecting them.
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You can select several sequential regions on one track all at once by holding down the “Shift” key while selecting the first and the last Regions of the sequence (copy a few regions on the same track to try this out).
- When you select a single Region, make sure to click on the Waveform section of its rectangle. The lower stripe with the Region name is used for a different action (see Trimming Regions below).
- Use the “Del” key to delete selected regions.
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Standard copy (“Control” + “C”), cut (“Control” + “X”), and paste (“Control” + “V”) operations also work with regions.
- You can also drag a selection box over multiple Regions to select them all.
Moving Regions
While moving a Region, a Timecode will appear on the screen in yellow numbers. This Timecode is the Region’s starting point on the Timeline. The unit of this timecode is the same as the unit of the Second Clock, which you can change by right-clicking on the Second Clock and choosing a new unit (Minutes:Seconds, Bar:Beats, etc).
You can move Regions horizontally (sideways) to a different point in time on the same Track, or you can move the selected Region vertically (up or down) to a different Track.
When a set of one or more Regions is selected, you can move the whole set by dragging with the mouse.
Note: make sure to select the Region in its waveform section, because selecting the bottom title bar area is used for a different action (see Trimming Regions below).
Duplicating Regions
In addition to “Control” + “Click” + drag and standard copy/paste, Ardour offers other handy ways to duplicate regions. Use the Select/Move Objects tool to select one or more Regions, and use the Duplicate function to make one or more copies (menu Regions > Duplicate). Three options are available:
- Duplicate (shortcut “Alt” + “D”): make a copy of the selected region on the same track, immediately after the original.
- Multi-Duplicate (shortcut “Shift” + “D”): make multiple copies of the selected region at once (same track, in sequence). You can specify the number of duplications.
- Fill Track: make as many copies of the selected region as needed to fill the entire track, all the way up to the End marker on the timeline.
In the following screenshot, regions have been duplicate using the methods above.
Using Edit Points
When you use the standard copy/cut/paste commands, where exactly will the regions be pasted? The exact location is determined by the Edit Point drop-down menu.
If Mouse is selected as the Edit Point, the copied Region will be pasted at the current position of the mouse.
If Playhead is selected as the Edit Point, the copied Region will be pasted at red Playhead line on the same Track where the original Region is.
Finally, if Marker is selected as the Edit Point, then the copied Region will be pasted immediately after the currently selected Location Marker.
Markers
It is very useful to be able to tag different locations in a session for later use when editing and mixing. Ardour supports several ways for doing this. The most common method is using Location Markers, which define specific positions in time.
Location Markers can be added to the Timeline by right-clicking on the Location Markers strip and selecting Add New Location Marker. If you don’t see the Location Markers strip, right-click on the timeline and select it to make it visible. Location Markers can also be selected with the mouse and moved to new positions. Right-clicking on a location marker lets you rename the marker, among other options.
TIP: when you first create a new session, two location markers are automatically added by default. These are the start and end markers that you see in the screenshot above. If you don’t see the end marker, zoom out enough and you will find it.
Splitting Regions
To Split a Region simply means to divide a single Region into two independent Regions. This point at which a Region will be split depends on the currently selected Edit Point. If Mouse is selected as your current Edit Point, select a Region and place the cursor at the point you would like to Split. Click on Edit > Split Region (shortcut “S”).
After being split, the original single Region becomes two independent Regions, with a new name for each, as in the image above. The two new Regions are now entirely independent. You can move and edit them separately.
Regions can also be split by using the Playhead or a Marker as the Edit Point.
Trimming Regions
If you move the cursor to the bottom strip of the Region, where its name appears, you will see that the pointer becomes an arrow. Click and drag inwards from either end of the Region, and the Region will be shortened accordingly. This is called Trimming the Region. Regions can be trimmed from the start of the Region (drag from left to right at the edge) or from the end (drag from right to left).
This action is non-destructive: no audio is actually being deleted. It is as if you were just “hiding” those portions of the Region that you don’t want or don’t need anymore. Later on, you can “un-trim” the Region (i.e., extend it back to its original full size), even if it has been moved or copied to a new Track. A trimmed Region will receive a name derived from the original name of its parent Region, and you will see this reflected in your Region List. For example, in the images above, a single original region named sample_01 has its trimmed versions named as sample_01.1, sample_01.2, (…) sample_01.15, and so forth.
TIP: Trimming will obey Grid settings. If you don’t want your trimming to be constrained to any grid, simply turn the grid off (No Grid).
Deleted Regions
Because Ardour is non-destructive, the Regions you have deleted from tracks are not completely removed from the Session. They can always be accessed again from the Region List on the far right side of the Editor Window (Regions can be dragged from the list onto any tracks).
Creating Fades in Regions
A Fade is a change in the volume of a Region, either as the Region starts or as it ends. A Fade at the start of the Region is a Fade In, and at the end of a Region it is a Fade Out. Each Region has two small handles along the top corners, which can be dragged inwards from either edge to create a Fade In or Fade Out. The screenshot below shows a Fade In (indicated by the shaded blue area).
In fact, every Region has a Fade In and Fade Out built-in. By default, the region fade is very short, and serves to avoid clicks in the transitions at the start and end of the region. By adjusting the regions fade length as shown above, a more gradual transition can be accomplished.
By right-clicking on one of the Fade (the shaded blue area), the speed of the Fade can also be adjusted.
Crossfading Between Two Regions
When one Region Fades Out while another Fades In, this is called a Crossfade. If the two Regions are in different Tracks, you can use the method described above with the Fade In and Fade Out handles. The following screenshot shows an example.
However, if both Regions are in the same Track, you need to overlap them in order to create a crossfade. When regions overlap on the same track, Ardour treats them as layers, that is, one of the regions is considered to be on top of the other. The important rule to understand is:
The Fade In (or Fade Out) of the topmost region represents the crossfade between the two regions.
Once you understand this principle, it’s easy to create and control crossfades between regions. Here’s an example. The two separate regions seen below will be made to overlap in order to create a crossfade.
Note that we did not add any extra Fade Out to the first region, but we did add a longer Fade In to the second region. Then we drag the second region partly on top of the first:
The Fade In of the second region works now as the crossfade between the two regions. In other words, the first region will fade out in a mirror image way as the second region fades in.
In order for this to work, though, we need to make sure that the region that has the desired fade is on top in Ardour’s layering system. In order to change layering of regions, select a region and go to the menu Region > Layering.
The difference may be hard to hear if you are doing this with the very short percussive sounds we imported earlier. To really hear the effect, import a couple of longer samples to try it out (for example, a sample of rain sounds, and another of a human voice). Overlap several seconds of your long samples on the same track. You will hear the difference as you move the second region to the bottom (“Lower to Bottom”), and then back to top (“Raise to Top”). When it’s on top, we will hear the desired crossfade. When it’s at the bottom, we will hear no crossfade, just an abrupt change from first to second region (assuming your first region has no Fade Out specified, as in the screenshots above).
Using Grid Settings
Experiment with the Grid setting, as discussed in the Setting Up the Timeline chapter, to give different kinds of Quantization—in other words, to constrain the boundaries of each Region to certain grid points. Here, the Grid has been activated and set to Beats/16, to quantize the Regions to sixteenth notes within each bar. You may wish to Trim the endpoints of some of the samples, as discussed above, to fit within the metric structure you have set up (for example, the hihat samples in the screen below have been trimmed so that they don’t not overlap with each other).
Continuing
In the next chapter, we will explore a few more things you can do with Regions